Bits Data Representation and Manipulation

Binary Numbers: Bits

  • 1 BIT = Binary digITs; 1 bit: 0 or 1
  • 1 Byte = 8 bits
  • A word is a fixed-sized piece of data handled as a unit

Data Representation

  • Numeric Data Representation
    • Unsigned integers
    • Signed integers
      • Sign-magnitude
      • 1’s complement
      • 2’s complement
    • Real number representation
    • Floating-point numbers
  • Non-numeric Data Representation

bits represent things.

Numeric Data Representation

Unsigned Integers Representations

Binary-Decimal

Signed Integer Representations

  • The left most bit (the most significant bit) is used as the sign bit. 最左位数表示正负
    • represents +
    • represents -

Sign-magnitude

  • the remaining bits indicate the magnitude 剩余数字表示数字
  • Problem: there will be 2 zero: 0000/1000

1’s complement

  • the complement of its positive counterpart 除了第一位数剩余数字作反码操作

2’s complement

  • one greater than the 1’s complement of the positive value

Property

  1. For positive number： Signed-magnitude, 1's complement, 2's complement forms are the same.正数原码反码补码一样
  2. After two backcode complements, the original number can be obtained 经过两次反码，补码操作可得到原数
  3. For binary odd number, the most right bit must be one.
  4. For Hexadecimal number each bit represents 4bits binary number

Floating-point numbers

  • Scientific notation:

Half Precision Floating Numbers

Represented by 16 bits

  • 16 bits: 1 for sign; 5 for exponent; 10 for Mantissa
  • Exponent bias (offset): 24 -1 =15; range: [-14, 15]
    • 01111 represents 0 in exponent

Half-Precision
Half-Precision

Single point Precision Floating Numbers

  • 32 bits: 1 for sign; 8 for exponent; 23 for Mantissa
    Single-point-floating-number

Non-numeric Data Representation

  • Textual information
  • Audio information
  • Colors & Images
  • Video information

ASCII code

  • The American Standard Code for Information Interchange

  • 7 bits to represent 128 characters

    • 0~31: control characters
    • 32~127: symbols, digits and letters

  • 48 represents '0'

  • 65 represents 'A'

  • 97 represents 'a'
    ASCII-code

Universal Character Set

  • 16 bits
  • Support unlimited characters
  • To permit backward compatibility, ASCII is a subset of Unicode.

Digital Audio

  • A microphone converts sound to an analog electrical signal
  • An analog-to-digital converter (ADC) converts the analog signal to a digital signal through sampling
  • CD audio, for example, has a sampling rate of 44.1 kHz (44,100 samples per second)
  • An digital-to-analog converter performs the reverse process, from a digital to an analog signal
  • An analog signal can be amplified and send to a speaker to produce sound

Image & Video

  • A video consists of a stream of frames, or images, displayed at n>16 frames per second
  • An Image consist of a collection of pixels
  • Pixels are tiny dots of color
  • A pixel’s color is represented by a binary number, its RGB value
  • Thus a video can be seen as a huge binary number

Operations on Bits

  • Binary Arithmetic Operations
    • Addition and subtraction
    • Sign Extension
    • Overflow
  • Boolean Logic Operations
    • AND
    • OR
    • NOT
    • XOR
Table Of Contents
Bits Data Representation and Manipulation
Binary Numbers: Bits
Data Representation
Numeric Data Representation
Unsigned Integers Representations
Signed Integer Representations
Sign-magnitude
1’s complement
2’s complement
Property
Floating-point numbers
Half Precision Floating Numbers
Single point Precision Floating Numbers
Non-numeric Data Representation
ASCII code
Universal Character Set
Digital Audio
Image & Video
Operations on Bits