ISA

  • ISA specifies what hardware does, but not how
    • ISA defines the instruction code
  • Microarchitecture specifies how it does it
    • Microarchitecture determine how it work it

The ISA specifies all the information about the computer that the software has to know.

  • Memory
    • Address space (how many locations?)
    • Addressability (word or byte, word size)
  • Registers
    • Number (how many?)
    • Type
  • Instructions
    • Operations
    • Data types
    • Addressing modes

Lc-3

  • Lc-3 is a finite state machine

Lc-3 Memory Organization

  • Address space
    • means: there are block
  • Addressability
  • Each block store 16-bit instruction
    • Each block represent by a Hexadecimal code
      • x0000
      • x0001
      • ....
    • Address 逐行递增
  • Memory is store element
  • Basic Operations
    • LOAD
      • read a value from a memory location
    • STORE
      - write a value to a memory location

Registers

  • features:
    Special storaqge devices that are inside the GPU.
    Fast to access 1 clock cycle
    General Purpose Register GPR: accessible instructions

  • Register is store element

    • Achieved by D filp-flop

  • Register File

    • 8 GPRs
      • Each register represent by 3 bit to record its address
        • 000
        • 001
        • 010
        • ...
        • 110
        • 111
    • Source Register 1
    • Source Register 2
    • Destination Register

  • Other special purpose registers:

    • MAR,MDR
    • PC,IR
    • Condition codes: P,Z,N
    • KBDR,KBSR,DDR,DSR
Register

Instruction

  • Opcode What the instruction does
  • Operands What the operation acts on

In Lc-3

  • 4 bits opcode (15)
  • 2 Sources and 1 destination

Opcodes & Operations

Opcodes

Operate instructions Manipulate data directly

  • 'Immediate' addressing mode

  • ADD 0001

  • AND 0101

---- --- --- --- ---
ADD  DST SR1 000 SR2
0001 xxx xxx 000 xxx

---- --- --- --- ---
AND  DST SR1 000 SR2
0001 xxx xxx 000 xxx

When string bit is 0 the addressing mode is "register mode"
Otherwise is "immediate mode"

---- --- --- - -----
ADD  DST SR1 1 Imm5
0001 xxx xxx 1 Imm5

---- --- --- - -----
AND  DST SR1 1 Imm5
0001 xxx xxx 1 Imm5

Imm5 is a const integer and imm5 will be extend to 16 bits when it be calcuted.

  • subtract
    • 2's complement
  • OR
  • Set Zero
    • AND 0000 0000 0000 0000
  • NOT 1001 Register Addressing mode
---- --- --- -------
NOT  DST SRC 111111
1001 Reg Reg 111111
Data Movement instructions Move data between memory and registers(CPU)

  • Load read data from memory to register

    • LD 0010 direct mode
    • LDI 1010 base+offset mode
    • LDR 0110 indirect mode

  • Store write data from register to memory

    • ST 0011 direct mode
    • STI 1011 base+offset mode
    • STR 0111 indirect mode

  • Load effectively address compute address

    • LEA 1110 immediate mode - does not access memory
---- ---   ----------
LEA  DR/SR addr.gen.bits
1110 DR/SR addr.gen.bits
Control instructions Change the sequence of instruction execution
  • BR 0000
  • JMP/RET 1100
  • JSR/JSSR 0100
  • RTI 0111
  • TRAP 1111

Data Types

  • 2's complement integers

Condition Codes

  • 3 single bit registers (set to 1 or cleared to 0)
    • N: when value written was negative
    • Z: when value written was zero
    • P: when value written was positive
  • Affected each time any register is written
  • Condition codes are read by conditional branch instructions

Addressing Modes

5 addressing modes

  • Explicitly in the instruction itself 立即寻址
  • In register 寄存器寻址
  • In memory 内存寻址
    • Pc-relative mode:
    • Base+offset mode:
    • Indirect mode: the address of a location that contains the address of the operand (indirect)

PC-Relative Mode Direct mode 直接寻址

  • LD
    • opcode 0010
    • effective address=(PC)+SEXT(IR[8:0])
---- ---  ---------
LD   Dst  
0010 Reg
  • ST
    • Opcode 0011
    • effective address=(PC)+SEXT(IR[8:0])
---- ---  ----------
ST   Dst  
0011 Reg
  • offset 9 bits

operand must be within 256 locations of the instruction

Base+Offset Mode

  • LDR
    • opcode 0110
    • effective address = (BaseRegister)+offset
---- ---  ---   ------
LDR  Dst  BaseR offset
0110 Reg  Reg
  • offset 6 bits

Base+offset can address any location in memory

  • STR
    • opcode 0111
    • effective address = (BaseRegister)+offset
---- ---  ---   ------
STR  Dst  BaseR offset
0111 Reg  Reg

Indirect Addressing Mode

  • An address is first formed exactly the same way as with LD and ST

  • This address contains the address of the operand.

  • Just like base+offset, indirect mode can also address any location in the memory.

  • Memory has to be accessed twice in order to get the address of the operand

  • LDI

    • opcode 1010
    • pointer address = (PC) + SEXT(IR[8:0])
    • effective address = Mem[(PC)+SEXT(IR[8:0])]
---- ---  ---------
LDI  Dst  Addr.Gen.bits
1010 Reg  Addr.Gen.bits
  • STI
    • opcode 1011
    • pointer address = (PC) + SEXT(IR[8:0])
    • effective address = Mem[(PC)+SEXT(IR[8:0])]

Control Instructions

  • Lc-3 has 3 conditional code registers

    • N negative
    • Z zero
    • P positive

  • set by any instruction that stores a value to a register

    • ADD,AND,NOT,LD,LDR,LDI,LEA

  • BR

    • opcode 0000
---- --- ---------
BR   NZP offset
0000 NZP offset

when condition is satisfied PC=PC+offset

  • JMP jump OR goto
    • opcode 1100
---- --- ---   ------
JMP  000 BaseR 000000
1100 000 Reg   000000

unconditional jump
PC jump to Reg

  • TRAP Invoke a system routine
    • opcode 1111
---- ---- --------
TRAP 0000 trapvec
1111 0000

PC is set to the instruction TRAP

Table Of Contents
ISA
Lc-3
Lc-3 Memory Organization
Registers
Instruction
Opcodes & Operations
Opcodes
Operate instructions Manipulate data directly
Data Movement instructions Move data between memory and registers(CPU)
Control instructions Change the sequence of instruction execution
Data Types
Condition Codes
Addressing Modes
PC-Relative Mode Direct mode 直接寻址
Base+Offset Mode
Indirect Addressing Mode
Control Instructions